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Inner Borough of London, England
"Newham" redirects here. For other uses, see Newham (disambiguation)
London borough in United Kingdom
The London Borough of Newham is a London borough created in 1965 by the London Government Act 1963. It covers an area previously administered by the Essex county boroughs of West Ham and East Ham, authorities that were both abolished by the same act. The name Newham reflects its creation and combines the compass points of the old borough names. Situated in the Inner London part of East London, Newham has a population of 387,576, which is the third highest of the London boroughs and also makes it the 16th most populous district in England. The local authority is Newham London Borough Council.
It is 5 miles (8 km) east of the City of London, north of the River Thames (the Woolwich Ferry and Woolwich foot tunnel providing the only crossings to the south), bounded by the River Lea to its west and the North Circular Road to its east. Newham was one of the six host boroughs for the 2012 Summer Olympics and contains most of the Olympic Park including the London Stadium, and also contains the London City Airport. Major districts include East Ham, West Ham, Stratford, Plaistow, Forest Gate, Beckton and Canning Town.
History [ edit ]
The borough was formed on 1 April 1965 under the London Government Act 1963, as a borough of the newly formed Greater London. It broadly covered the areas of the county borough of East Ham and the county borough of West Ham that were abolished by the same act. These in turn were successors to the ancient civil and ecclesiastical parishes of East Ham and West Ham. Green Street and Boundary Road mark the former boundary between the two. North Woolwich also became part of the borough (previously being part of the Metropolitan Borough of Woolwich, south of the river Thames in the County of London) along with a small area west of the River Roding which had previously been part of the Municipal Borough of Barking. Newham was devised for the borough as an entirely new name.[1]
Manor of Ham [ edit ]
The area of the modern borough was at one time occupied by a manor (an estate or landholding with certain legal responsibilities) called 'Ham'. The name comes from Old English 'hamm' and means 'a dry area of land between rivers or marshland', referring to the location of the settlement within boundaries formed by the rivers Lea, Thames and Roding and their marshes.[2]
The first known written use of the term, as 'Hamme', is in an Anglo-Saxon charter of 958, in which King Edgar granted the area to Ealdorman Athelstan. The territory was undivided at that time. A subsequent charter of 1037 describes a transfer of land which has been identified with East Ham, indicating that the division of the territory occurred between 958 and 1037.[3]
The Domesday Book shows landholdings divided further, and by the end of the 12th century these manors were being served, singly or in groups of manors, by the familiar ancient parishes of West Ham, East Ham and Little Ilford (now also known as Manor Park), with some areas by the Roding a part of Barking, and the area now known as North Woolwich attached to Woolwich. The earliest recorded use of the name West Ham, Westhamma, comes in 1186, and East Ham, Estham, is recorded in 1204.[4]
The boundary between West and East Ham was drawn from the now lost Hamfrith Waste and Hamfrith Wood in the north (then the southernmost parts of Epping Forest which extended as far south as the Romford Road at that time), along Green Street down to the small, also lost, natural harbour known as Ham Creek. Ham Creek was filled-in in the nineteenth century,[5] but the small residual head of the creek still formed the boundary between the two areas into the late 20th century, when what remained was also filled in.
The formation of the modern borough in 1965 saw the merger of West and East Ham, together with North Woolwich and Barking west of the River Roding. Little Ilford had become part of East Ham as part of earlier local government reorganisations.
Medieval period [ edit ]
The prosperity of the area increased due to the construction of Bow Bridge, the only bridge over the Lea, and the creation of Stratford Langthorne Abbey.
Governance [ edit ]
A map showing the wards of Newham since 2002
Unlike most English districts, its council is led by a directly elected mayor of Newham. From 2002 to 2009 one of the councillors had been appointed as the "civic ambassador" and performed the civic and ceremonial role previously carried out by the mayor. The post has been discontinued.[6]
At the borough elections held in 2014, the Labour Party won all 60 of the seats on the council. Sir Robin Wales was re-elected as the borough's Executive Mayor with 61% of the first preference votes cast.
In 2024, Robin Wales was deselected as the Labour Party mayoral candidate. Rokhsana Fiaz was elected in the position of Executive Mayor, also for the Labour party.[7]
Coat of arms [ edit ]
The borough adopted West Ham's coat of arms, but with a motto adapted from that of East Ham.[8]
The arms include the following elements:
The crosier signified the Cistercian Stratford Langthorne Abbey.
The sword and the red and yellow chevronells are taken from the arms of William de Montfitchet, a major local landowner and founder of the abbey.
The crossed hammers represent the Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Company, once a major local employer.
The ship in full sail represents the maritime trades and the area's links to the sea.
The arms also include a sun rising in the east.
The borough's motto, "Progress with the People" is an English translation of East Ham's Latin "Progressio cum Populo".
Greater London representation [ edit ]
For elections to the Greater London Council, the borough formed the Newham electoral division, electing three members. In 1973 it was divided into the single-member Newham North East, Newham North West and Newham South electoral divisions.[9] The Greater London Council was abolished in 1986.
Since 2000, for elections to the London Assembly, the borough forms part of the City and East constituency.
Demography [ edit ]
Population pyramid of Newham in 2024
Population figures [ edit ]
Population Year Pop. ±% 1801 8,875 — 1811 11,166 +25.8% 1821 13,005 +16.5% 1831 15,553 +19.6% 1841 17,758 +14.2% 1851 24,875 +40.1% 1861 69,355 +178.8% 1871 113,835 +64.1% 1881 158,314 +39.1% 1891 259,155 +63.7% 1901 338,506 +30.6% 1911 442,158 +30.6% 1921 448,081 +1.3% 1931 454,096 +1.3% 1941 377,508 −16.9% 1951 313,837 −16.9% 1961 271,858 −13.4% 1971 235,496 −13.4% 1981 209,131 −11.2% 1991 221,146 +5.7% 2001 243,737 +10.2% 2011 307,984 +26.4% 2024 351,030 +14.0% Source: A Vision of Britain through time, citing Census population
Newham has, after Barnet and Croydon, the third highest population of the London boroughs, with a population numbering 382,984 as of 2024. Despite growing since the 1980s, it is still drastically lower than its pre-war peak. In the period between 1951 and 1981, Newham's population shrunk by 28.87% owing to factors such as the war bombings and the increasingly high unemployment. The redevelopment of the Docklands as well as development related to the 2012 Olympics have contributed to reversing its declining trend.[10]
Ethnicities [ edit ]
Population pyramid of Newham by ethnicity in 2024
Ethnic makeup of Newham in single year age groups in 2024
UK born and foreign born population pyramid in Newham in 2024. Males and females representing the UK born population while foreign males and females representing the foreign born population.
Newham has the youngest overall population and one of the lowest White British populations in the country according to the 2011 UK Census. The borough has the second-highest percentage of Muslims in the UK, after the neighbouring London Borough of Tower Hamlets, at 32%. A 2024 report from Trust for London and the New Policy Institute found that 36% of local employees in Newham are in low paid work; the highest percentage of any London borough. Newham also has a 37% poverty rate, which is the second-highest rate in London.[11]
Newham is very ethnically diverse. When using Simpson's Diversity Index on 10 aggregated ethnic groups, the 2001 UK Census identified Newham as the most ethnically diverse district in England and Wales, with 9 wards in the top 15.[12] However, when using the 16 ethnic categories in the Census so that White Irish and White Other ethnic minorities are also included in the analysis, Newham becomes the second-most ethnically diverse borough[13] with six out of the top 15 wards, behind Brent with 7 out of the top 15 wards.
Newham has the lowest percentage of White British residents of all of London's boroughs.[14][15] The joint-lowest wards with White British population are Green Street East and Green Street West, each having 4.8% – the third-lowest behind Southall Broadway and Southall Green in Ealing. East Ham North follows closely, at 4.9%.[16]
As of the 2024 UK census, people of "Bangladeshi" ethnicity are the largest single group in the borough at 15.9%. "White British" are the second largest group at 14.8%, with "White Other" third largest at 14.6%, "African" fourth largest at 11.6%, "Indian" next largest at 11% and then "Pakistani" at 8.9%. Newham has had a large Asian community for many decades; more than half of Newham's Upton and Kensington wards were of ethnic minority origin in 1981.[17] The nationality to increase the most in number since 1991 is the Bangladeshi community.[18] Newham has the largest total population of Asian origin in London; it is notably a borough with high populations of all three largest British Asian nationalities, having the 5th highest Indian population in London and the 2nd highest each for both Pakistani and Bangladeshi.[19]
Newham has 1,340 residents who were born in Ukraine, the highest population of Ukrainians in the UK.[20]
Health [ edit ]
In 2024, Newham had the lowest life expectancy and the highest rate of heart disease of all London boroughs together with the London Borough of Tower Hamlets.[26]
In 2024, the BBC reported that Newham had the highest rate of tuberculosis in the UK at 107 per 100000 population, which was higher than Rwanda (69) and Iraq (45) according to WHO figures from 2013. More than 80% of TB cases in London occur in people born abroad. The UK average was 13.[27]
Religion [ edit ]
Religious makeup of Newham by single year age groups in 2024
The following table shows the religious identity of residents residing in Newham according to the 2001, 2011 and the 2024 censuses.
Religion 2001[29] 2011[30] 2024[31] Number % Number % Number % Christian 114,247 46.8 123,119 40.0 123,746 35.3 Muslim 59,293 24.3 98,456 32.0 122,146 34.8 Jewish 481 0.2 342 0.1 448 0.1 Hindu 16,901 6.9 26,962 8.8 21,405 6.1 Sikh 6,897 2.8 6,421 2.1 5,638 1.6 Buddhism 1,592 0.7 2,446 0.8 2,160 0.6 Other religion 664 0.3 1,090 0.4 1,765 0.5 No religion 21,978 9.0 29,373 9.5 50,795 14.5 Religion not stated 21,838 9.0 19,775 6.4 22,933 6.5 Total 243,891 100.00% 307,894 100.00% 351,100 100.0%
Education [ edit ]
A 2024 report by Trust for London and the New Policy Institute finds that the GCSE attainment gap between advantaged and disadvantaged pupils in Newham is the 4th best out of 32 London boroughs.[32]
Schools and colleges [ edit ]
The Borough is the education authority for the district providing education in a mix of Foundation, community and voluntary aided schools.[33] The borough also owns and operates Debden House, a residential adult education college in Loughton, Essex, and is home to the Rosetta Art Centre, a dedicated visual art organisation which delivers courses at its base in Stratford and produces participatory art projects, programmes and initiatives. The Essex Primary School in Sheridan Road with over 900 pupils is one of the biggest primary schools in London.
University [ edit ]
The University of East London has two campuses in Newham:
Birkbeck Stratford is a collaboration between Birkbeck, University of London and UEL to increase participation in adult learning. This is based on the UEL/Birkbeck shared campus, USS (University Square Stratford), in the centre of Stratford.
The University of East London had formed a partnership with the United States Olympic Committee which resulted in the United States Olympic Team using University of East London campuses as training bases during the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games.[34]
Places of interest [ edit ]
Community [ edit ]
The Hub, a community resource centre built by the local community, in Star Lane, E16, featuring up to the minute "green" features [ clarification needed ]
Grassroots, another innovative green resource centre built by the community. Grassroots is in Memorial Recreation Ground, E15
Rosetta Art Centre, situated in walking distance to Grassroots, also in E15
Libraries [ edit ]
Newham has ten libraries (Beckton, Canning Town, Custom House, East Ham, Green Street, Manor Park, North Woolwich, Plaistow, Stratford and Forest Gate).[35]
Museums [ edit ]
North Woolwich Old Station Museum. Closed in 2008. [36]
Three Mills, a mill complex on the east bank of the River Lea. A trading site for nearly a thousand years, the House Mill was built in 1776 and was (and remains) the country's largest tide mill. It has been restored and contains much of its original machinery including four large waterwheels, millstones and grain chutes.
Markets [ edit ]
There are a number of local markets in the Borough, including Queens Market, which the council was controversially seeking to redevelop. The proposal was successfully opposed by Friends of Queens Market.
Parks and open spaces [ edit ]
80 hectares within the borough are designated as part of the Metropolitan Green Belt.
Performance [ edit ]
Green Street where the population is predominantly South Asian
Shopping and exhibitions [ edit ]
Sport [ edit ]
Newspapers [ edit ]
The local newspaper is the Newham Recorder.[39]
Districts [ edit ]
See List of districts in the London Borough of Newham for the full list, including neighbourhoods or localities which form part of the areas listed below.
Building 1000 – Newham Council Headquarters
Parishes [ edit ]
The borough is covered by the following ecclesiastical parishes of the Church of England:
Transport [ edit ]
Since the 1980s, public transport in Newham has undergone many upgrades and improvements are still continuing to this day.
The Docklands Light Railway (DLR) first opened in 1987, and was extended from Tower Hamlets through to Beckton in 1994. The network and has undergone many extensions since, including to serve London City Airport, as well as Stratford International station in 2011 after its High Speed 1 link opened in late 2009. The Jubilee Line Extension was completed in 1999, including new or improved stations at Canning Town, West Ham and Stratford. The DLR network compensates for Newham's lack of tube stations, of which there are only 6, in comparison with other London boroughs. The Crossrail scheme - opening as the Elizabeth line in 2024 - also delivered improved rail connections to several stations as it heads through the borough on an east west axis. Of the 28 stations in Newham, only 4 stations lack step free access - thanks to the recent age of many of the stations in the borough.
As a result of all the recent developments, the borough contains one of only two airports located within the Greater London boundary and currently the only railway station outside of central London that is served by high speed rail.
London City Airport is in Newham
List of stations [ edit ]
Travel to work [ edit ]
In March 2011, the main forms of transport that residents used to travel to work were: underground, metro, light rail, tram, 23.0% of all residents aged 16–74; driving a car or van, 7.6%; bus, minibus or coach, 7.6%; train, 7.2%; on foot, 4.1%; work mainly at or from home, 1.4%; bicycle, 1.0%.[40]
River services [ edit ]
Woolwich Ferry
Royal Wharf
Cable car [ edit ]
International services [ edit ]
Bus routes [ edit ]
Over 30 London Buses bus routes serve the London Borough of Newham, with main interchanges at Stratford, Stratford City and Beckton bus stations, with large bus interchanges also available at East Ham and Upton Park.[42]
Town twinning [ edit ]
Newham is twinned with:
Freedom of the Borough [ edit ]
The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the Borough of Newham.
Individuals [ edit ]
Military Units [ edit ]
G Company 7th Battalion The Rifles: 23 June 2012.[45]
Notable people [ edit ]
See also [ edit ]
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