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Japanese arcade/gambling game
This article is about the mechanical game popular in
Japan. For other uses, see Pachinko (disambiguation)
Not to be confused with Panchiko
A
modern pachinko machine
A pachinko parlor in Tokyo
Pachinko (パチンコ) is a mechanical game
originating in Japan that is used as an arcade game, and much more frequently for
gambling. Pachinko fills a niche in Japanese gambling comparable to that of the slot
machine in the West as a form of low-stakes, low-strategy gambling.
Pachinko parlors
are widespread in Japan, and usually also feature a number of slot machines (called
pachislo or pachislots) so these venues look and operate similarly to casinos. Modern
pachinko machines have both mechanical and electrical components.
Gambling for cash is
illegal in Japan, but the widespread popularity of low-stakes pachinko in Japanese
society has enabled a specific legal loophole allowing it to exist. Pachinko balls won
from games cannot be exchanged directly for money in the parlor, nor can they be
removed from the premises or exchanged with other parlors. However, they can be legally
traded to the parlor for so-called "special prize" tokens (特殊景品 tokushu keihin), which
can in turn be "sold" for cash to a separate vendor off-premises. These vendors
(ostensibly independent from, but often owned by, the parlor owner) then sell the
tokens back to the parlor at the same price paid for them—plus a small commission,
creating a cash profit—without technically violating the law.[1]
By 1994, the pachinko
market in Japan was valued at ¥30 trillion (nearlyR$300 billion).[2] In 1999, sales and
revenue from pachinko parlors contributed 5.6% of Japan's ¥500 trillion GDP, and they
employed over 330,000 people, 0.52% of all those employed in Japan.[3] However, the
sales amount of these pachinko parlors is calculated based on the total amount that
customers rented pachinko balls from pachinko parlors. It is said that on average,
about 85% of the money spent by customers in pachinko parlors is returned to the
customers, so the sales of pachinko parlors are said to be about 15% of the statistical
amount.[4] As of 2024, Japan's pachinko market generates more gambling revenue than
that of Macau, Las Vegas, and Singapore combined.[5] Pachinko gambling's grey market
nature and tremendous profit historically resulted in considerable infiltration by
yakuza, who used it as a vehicle for money laundering and racketeering. Since the
1990s, however, this has been less of an issue due to police crackdowns.[6] There were
over 7 million pachinkos around the world in 2024 with more than half of them being in
Japan.[7] Following a number of years of decline of parlours and machines, the number
of pachinko machines in Japan dropped to around 2.5 million by the end of
2024.[8]
Description [ edit ]
A pachinko machine resembles a vertical pinball machine,
but is different from Western pinball in several ways. It uses small (11 mm diameter)
steel balls, which the owner (usually a "pachinko parlor", featuring many individual
games in rows) rents to the player, while pinball games use a larger, captive ball.
The
player loads one or more balls into the machine, then presses and releases a
spring-loaded handle, which is attached to a padded hammer inside the machine,
launching the ball(s) into a metal track. The track guides the ball over the top of the
playing field; then when it loses momentum, it falls into the playing field. Some
pachinko machines have a bumper to bounce the ball as it reaches the top, while others
allow it to travel all the way around the field, to fall the second time it reaches the
top.[citation needed]
The playing field is populated by numerous brass pins, several
small cups into which the player hopes the ball will fall (each catcher is barely the
width of the ball), and a hole at the bottom into which the ball falls if it does not
enter a catcher. The ball bounces from pin to pin, both slowing its descent and
deflecting it laterally across the field. A ball that enters a catcher triggers a
payout, in which a number of balls are dropped into a tray at the front of the
machine.[9]
Many games made since the 1960s feature "tulip" catchers, which have small
flippers that open to expand the width of the catcher. They are controlled by the
machine, and may open and close randomly or in a pattern; expert players try to launch
a ball so it reaches the catcher when its flippers are open.[9]
The game's object is to
win as many balls as possible, which can be exchanged for prizes. Pachinko machines
were originally strictly mechanical, but have since incorporated extensive electronics,
becoming similar to video slot machines. Another type of machine often found in
pachinko parlors, called a "pachislot", does not involve steel balls, but are loaded
with tokens or coins and trigger reels comparable to those of a traditional slot
machine. Online casinos also offer "pachislot" games to tailor their product to the
Japanese market.
History [ edit ]
Pachinko machines were first built during the 1920s
as a children's toy called the "Corinth game" (コリントゲーム, korinto gēmu), based on and
named after the American "Corinthian bagatelle".[10] Another likely inspiration was the
Billard japonais, 'Japanese billiards', invented in Western Europe during the 18th
century. It emerged as an adult pastime in Nagoya around 1930, and spread from
there.[11]
All of Japan's pachinko parlors were closed down during World War II but
re-emerged in the late 1940s. Pachinko has remained popular since; the first commercial
parlor was opened in Nagoya in 1948.[11] As a country influenced by Japan during its
occupation, Taiwan has many pachinko establishments.[12]
An estimated 80 percent of
pachinko parlors in Japan are owned by ethnic Koreans.[12] In 2001, British company BS
Group bought a stake in Tokyo Plaza, which was running almost 20 parlors in all of
Japan, and had also opened parlors in the United Kingdom.[citation needed]
Until the
1980s, pachinko machines were mechanical devices,[13] using bells to indicate different
states of the machine. Electricity was used only to flash lights and to indicate
problems, such as a machine emptied of its balls.[14] Balls were launched using a
flipper; their speed was controlled by pulling the flipper down to different levels.
Manufacturers in this period included Nishijin and Sankyo; most of these machines
available on online auction sites today date to the 1970s.[13] After that time,
pachinko machines incorporated more electronic features, thus requiring electricity for
operation.
Billard japonais , Southern Germany/Alsace c. 1750–70
A pre-war pachinko
machine
A mechanical pachinko machine from the 1970s
A modern, electronic pachinko
machine in a Tokyo parlor
Mechanisms [ edit ]
The entrance to a pachinko parlor in
Shibuya, Tokyo, Japan
To play pachinko, players get a number of metal balls by
inserting cash or cards directly into the machine they want to use. They then shoot the
balls into the machine. Older pachinko machines use a spring-loaded lever for shooting
balls individually; while later ones use a round knob, controlling the strength of a
mechanically fired plunger that shoots the balls. The balls fall vertically through an
array of pins, levers, cups, traps and obstacles until they enter a payoff target or
reach the bottom of the playfield.
The player has a chance to get more balls if a
launched ball lands in one of certain places as it falls. Having more balls is
considered a benefit because it allows the player to remain in the game longer, and
ultimately creates a larger winning chance.[15]
Newer "pachislot" machines have a
digital slot machine display on a large screen, where the objective is to get three
numbers or symbols in a row for a jackpot.[citation needed] When fired, the balls drop
through an array of pins, similar to a pachinko machine. Some fall into a center gate
and activate the slot-machine display.
Every ball that goes into the center gate
results in one spin, but there is a limit on the number of spins at one time because of
the possibility of balls passing through the center gate while a spin is still in
progress. Each spin pays out a small number of balls, but the objective is to hit the
jackpot. The machine's programming decides the outcome of each spin.[citation
needed]
Design [ edit ]
Pachinko machines vary in several aspects—including decorative
mechanics, sound, gimmicks, modes, and gates. The playing field is usually a wooden
board with a transparent acrylic overlay containing artwork. Most modern machines have
an LCD screen over the main start pocket. The game is played by keeping the stream of
balls to the left of the screen, but many models have their optimized ball stream.
Vintage machines vary in pocket location and strategy, with most having a specific
center area containing win pockets.
Payout mode [ edit ]
The inside workings of a
pachinko machine being pulled out of a parlor
If the first two numbers, letters, or
symbols of the spin match up, the digital program will display many animations before
the third reel stops spinning, to give the player an added excitement. This is called a
reach (or rīchi) and sometimes longer animations are played called super reaches.
Pachinko machines offer different odds in hitting a jackpot; if the player manages to
obtain a jackpot, the machine will enter into payout mode.
The payout mode lasts for a
number of rounds. During each round, amidst more animations and movies playing on the
center screen, a large payout gate opens up at the bottom of the machine layout and the
player must try to shoot balls into it. Each ball that successfully enters into this
gate results in many balls being dropped into a separate tray at the bottom of the
machine, which can then be placed into a ball bucket.
Hidden modes, hints, and instant
wins [ edit ]
To enhance gameplay, modern machines have integrated several aspects not
possible in vintage machines. A common one is the ability to switch between different
play modes, including rare and hidden modes that can differ significantly from normal
play. Two examples can be seen in the Evangelion series of pachinko machines, which
include Mission Mode and Berserker Mode, ranging from having little effect on winning
to being an almost guaranteed win.[16][17]
Graphics in videos and light patterns can
also give players a general idea of what these winning odds are. For example, a super
reach may cause a change in animation, or show an introductory animation or picture.
This adds excitement, with some changes having much more significance than others in
terms of odds of winning on a given spin. Some machines feature instant wins. There are
also second-chance wins, where a spin that appears to have lost, or to have a very low
winning chance, gives the player three matching numbers and starts "fever
mode".[18]
Post-payout systems [ edit ]
After the payout mode has ended, the pachinko
machine may do one of two things. Most Pachinko machines employ the kakuhen (確変, short
for kakuritsu hendō (確率変動) meaning probability change) system, where some percentage of
the possible jackpots on the digital slot machine result in the odds of hitting the
next jackpot multiplying by a large amount, followed by another spin regardless of the
outcome. The probability of a kakuhen occurring is determined by a random number
generator.
Hence, under this system, it is possible for a player to get a string of
consecutive jackpots after the first "hard-earned" one, commonly referred to as "fever
mode". Another type of kakuhen system is a special time or ST kakuhen. With these
machines, every jackpot earned results in a kakuhen, but in order to earn a payout
beyond the first jackpot, the player must hit a certain set of odds within a given
number of spins.
When a jackpot does not result in a kakuhen combination, the pachinko
machine will enter into jitan (時短, short for jikan tanshuku (時間短縮) meaning
time-reduction) mode, with a much larger number of spins than kakuhen. Under the
original payout odds, the center gate widens to make it considerably easier for balls
to fall into it; this system is also present in kakuhen.
To compensate for the increase
in the number of spins, the digital slot machine produces the final outcomes of each
spin faster. ST pachinko machines do not offer this mode; after it ends, the machine
spins as in kakuhen. Once no more jackpots have been made, the pachinko machine reverts
to its original setting.
Koatari [ edit ]
Starting in 2007, the majority of Japanese
pachinko machines started to include koatari (小当たり, small jackpot) into their payout
systems. Koatari is shorter than the normal jackpot and during payout mode the payout
gate opens for a short time only, even if no balls go into it. The timing of the
opening of the gates is unpredictable, effectively making it a jackpot where the player
receives no payout. Koatari jackpots can result in a kakuhen as per normal operation,
depending on the payout scheme of the machine in question. The main purpose of koatari
is so that pachinko manufacturers can offer payout schemes that appear to be largely
favorable to customers, without losing any long-term profit.
In addition to being able
to offer higher kakuhen percentages, this made it possible for manufacturers to design
battle-type machines. Unlike old-fashioned pachinko machines that offer a full payout
or a kakuhen for any type of jackpot earned, these machines require players to hit a
kakuhen jackpot with a certain probability in order to get a full payout. This is
orchestrated by the player entering into "battle", where the player, in accordance with
the item that the machine is based on, must "defeat" a certain enemy or foe in order to
earn another kakuhen. If the player loses, it means that a normal koatari has been hit
and the machine enters into jitan mode.
Another reason for incorporating every koatari
is that they have made it possible for a machine to go into kakuhen mode without the
player's knowledge. This is referred to as senpuku (潜伏 'hidden') kakuhen because it
does not occur in any of the jackpot modes. A player sitting at a used pachinko machine
offering the number 1 in x chance of hitting a jackpot in normal mode can hit it within
x spins easily because the previous player did not realize that the machine was in
senpuku. This induces players to keep playing their machines, even though they may
still be in normal mode. Japanese pachinko players have not shown significant signs of
protest in response to the incorporation of koatari; on the contrary, battle-type
pachinko machines have become a major part of most parlors.
Prizes [ edit ]
Pachinko
balls
Winnings take the form of additional balls, which players may either use to keep
playing or exchange for prizes (keihin (景品)). When players wish to exchange their
winnings, they must call a parlor staff member by using a call button located at the
top of their station. The staff member will then carry the player's balls to an
automated counter to see how many balls they have.[6]
After recording the number of
balls the player won and the number of the machine they used, the staff member will
then give the player a voucher or card with the number of balls stored in it. Some
modern machines can count the balls automatically, without the need for staff. The
player then hands it in at the parlor's exchange center to get their prizes. Among the
array of prizes available, there will invariably be an item known as the "special
prize" (tokushu keihin (特殊景品) typically a small silver or gold novelty item encased in
plastic) that can be sold for cash at an outside establishment in the vicinity of the
parlor.[6]
Special prizes are awarded to the player in amounts corresponding to the
number of balls won. For example, one special prize worth ¥1500 outside the parlor
might be offered to a customer per 400 balls won, assuming each ball originally cost 4
yen. The vast majority of players opt for the maximum number of special prizes offered
for their ball total, selecting other prizes only when they have a remaining total too
small to receive a special prize.[6]
Besides the special prizes, prizes may be as
simple as chocolate bars, pens or cigarette lighters, or as complicated as electronics,
bicycles and other items. Under Japanese law, cash cannot be paid out directly for
pachinko balls, but there is usually a small establishment located nearby, separate
from the game parlor but sometimes in a separate unit as part of the same building,
where players may sell special prizes for cash. This is tolerated by the police because
the pachinko parlors that pay out goods and special prizes are nominally independent
from the shops that buy back the special prizes.[1]
Some pachinko parlors may even give
out vouchers for groceries at a nearby supermarket. The yakuza (organized crime) were
formerly often involved in prize exchange, but a great deal of police effort beginning
in the 1960s and ramping up in the 1990s has largely done away with their influence.[6]
In Tokyo, the special prize exchange is handled exclusively by the Tokyo Union
Circulation [jp] company (known as TUC), which sells pachinko and slot parlors gold
slivers in standardized plastic cases, which it buys back from winning customers at its
"TUC Shop" windows.[19]
The three-shop system[20] is a system employed by pachinko
parlors to exchange for keihin (prizes), usually with items such as cigarette lighters
or ball-point pens. These items are carried to a nearby shop and exchanged for cash as
a way of circumventing gambling laws.
Recreational pachinko [ edit ]
Many arcade video
games in Japan feature pachinko models from different times. They offer more playing
time for the same amount of money, and have balls that can be exchanged only for game
tokens to play other games in the establishment. As many of these arcades are
smoke-free and gambling is removed, they are popular venues for casual players,
newcomers, children, and those wanting to play in a more relaxed atmosphere.
In such
arcades, thrifty gamblers may spend a small amount on a newly released pachinko model
to get a feel for the machine before going to a real parlor. These machines can also be
found in many stores, where they pay out capsules containing a prize coupon or store
credit.
Regulations [ edit ]
Smoking [ edit ]
Smoking is allowed in pachinko parlors,
although there are discussions in Japan to extend public smoking bans to
them.[21]
Crime [ edit ]
An anti-pachinko demonstration in Tokyo, Japan (2013)
Gambling
is illegal in Japan, but pachinko is regarded as an exception and treated as an
amusement activity.[22] Although awarding direct money prizes for it is illegal,
parlors may reward players with tokens which can then be sold for cash at nearby
exchange centers. With growing public and political pressure in recent years, since
passage of Japan's blanket anti-gambling law in the 1990s, police are more active in
regulating parlors.[6]
Retired police officers often work in the pachinko industry;
critics have pointed out that while this has had a deterrent effect against organized
crime, it also means these operators are in a strong position to influence police
officers in their favor.[6]
Police tolerate the level of gambling in pachinko parlors.
For example, in May 2005, a parlor in Kanagawa Prefecture reported to the local police
that someone had counterfeited their tokens and made off with the equivalent of
US$60,000 in cash by trading them in at their nearby exchange center. Even with such
information proving that this parlor was illegally operating an exchange center, which
by law must be independent of the parlor, the police did not shut them down, but
tracked down the thief.[23]
Ball designs [ edit ]
It is forbidden for pachinko balls to
be removed from a parlor to be used elsewhere. To help prevent this, many parlors have
a design or name engraved on each of their balls, inspiring some people to collect
pachinko balls with various designs.[citation needed]
Addiction [ edit ]
A 2014 study
showed that pathological gambling tendencies among Japanese adults was 9.04% in men and
1.6% in women, higher than the North American prevalence of 1.6%, particularly for
men.[24] In 1999, 29% of players thought of themselves as addicted and needing
treatment. Another 30% said they exceeded their budgets and borrowed money to
play.[3]
Franchises [ edit ]
A number of media franchises, mainly the media
mix—including Japanese film, anime, manga, television and video game franchises—have
generated significant revenue from sales of licensed pachinko and pachislot machines to
pachinko parlors and amusement arcades.[25] Sega Sammy Holdings and Konami are two
major license holders for most media mix pachinko machines.[26]
See also [ edit ]
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