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This article is about the poker game. For other uses, see Texas hold 'em
(disambiguation)
Variation of the card game of 😄 poker
Texas hold 'em Texas hold 'em
involves community cards available to all players. Alternative names Hold 'em Type
Community card 😄 poker Players 2+, usually 2–10 Skills Probability, psychology, game
theory, strategy Cards 52 Deck French Rank (high→low) A K Q 😄 J 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 (A
when used in a Straight) Play Clockwise Chance Medium
Texas 😄 hold 'em (also known as
Texas holdem, hold 'em, and holdem) is one of the most popular variants of the 😄 card
game of poker. Two cards, known as hole cards, are dealt face down to each player, and
then five 😄 community cards are dealt face up in three stages. The stages consist of a
series of three cards ("the flop"), 😄 later an additional single card ("the turn" or
"fourth street"), and a final card ("the river" or "fifth street"). Each 😄 player seeks
the best five-card poker hand from any combination of the seven cards: the five
community cards and their 😄 two hole cards. Players have betting options to check, call,
raise, or fold. Rounds of betting take place before the 😄 flop is dealt and after each
subsequent deal. The player who has the best hand and has not folded by 😄 the end of all
betting rounds wins all of the money bet for the hand, known as the pot. In 😄 certain
situations, a "split pot" or "tie" can occur when two players have hands of equivalent
value. This is also 😄 called "chop the pot". Texas hold 'em is also the H game featured
in HORSE and HOSE.
Objective [ edit ]
In 😄 Texas hold 'em, as in all variants of poker,
individuals compete for an amount of money or chips contributed by 😄 the players
themselves (called the pot). Because the cards are dealt randomly and outside the
control of the players, each 😄 player attempts to control the amount of money in the pot
based on the hand they are holding,[1] and on 😄 their prediction as to what their
opponents may be holding and how they might behave.
The game is divided into a 😄 series
of hands (deals); at the conclusion of each hand, the pot is typically awarded to one
player (an exception 😄 in which the pot is divided between two or more is discussed
below). A hand may end at the showdown, 😄 in which case the remaining players compare
their hands and the highest hand is awarded the pot; that highest hand 😄 is usually held
by only one player, but can be held by more in the case of a tie. The 😄 other possibility
for the conclusion of a hand occurs when all but one player have folded and have
thereby abandoned 😄 any claim to the pot, in which case the pot is awarded to the player
who has not folded.[1]
The objective 😄 of winning players is not to win every individual
hand, but rather to win over the longer term by making 😄 mathematically and
psychologically better decisions regarding when and how much to bet, raise, call or
fold. Winning poker players work 😄 to enhance their opponents' betting and maximize their
own expected gain on each round of betting, to thereby increase their 😄 long-term
winnings.[1]
History [ edit ]
Johnny Moss, Chill Wills, Amarillo Slim, Jack Binion, and
Puggy Pearson outside Binion's Horseshoe in Las 😄 Vegas in 1974
Although little is known
about the invention of Texas hold 'em, the Texas Legislature officially recognizes
Robstown, Texas, 😄 as the game's birthplace, dating it to the early 20th
century.[2]
After the game spread throughout Texas, hold 'em was introduced 😄 to Las
Vegas in 1963 at the California Club by Corky McCorquodale. The game became popular and
quickly spread to 😄 the Golden Nugget, Stardust and Dunes.[3] In 1967, a group of Texan
gamblers and card players, including Crandell Addington, Doyle 😄 Brunson, and Amarillo
Slim were playing in Las Vegas. This is when "ace high" was changed from the original
form 😄 in which aces were low.[4] Addington said the first time he saw the game was in
1959. "They didn't call 😄 it Texas hold 'em at the time, they just called it hold 'em.… I
thought then that if it were 😄 to catch on, it would become the game. Draw poker, you bet
only twice; hold 'em, you bet four times. 😄 That meant you could play strategically. This
was more of a thinking man's game."[5]
For several years the Golden Nugget Casino 😄 in
Downtown Las Vegas was the only casino in Las Vegas to offer the game. At that time,
the Golden 😄 Nugget's poker room was "truly a 'sawdust joint,' with…oiled sawdust
covering the floors."[6] Because of its location and decor, this 😄 poker room did not
receive many rich drop-in clients, and as a result, professional players sought a more
prominent location. 😄 In 1969, the Las Vegas professionals were invited to play Texas
hold 'em at the entrance of the now-demolished Dunes 😄 Casino on the Las Vegas Strip.
This prominent location, and the relative inexperience of poker players with Texas hold
'em, 😄 resulted in a very remunerative game for professional players.[6]
After a failed
attempt to establish a "Gambling Fraternity Convention", Tom Moore 😄 added the first ever
poker tournament to the Second Annual Gambling Fraternity Convention held in 1969. This
tournament featured several 😄 games including Texas hold 'em. In 1970, Benny and Jack
Binion acquired the rights to this convention, renamed it the 😄 World Series of Poker,
and moved it to their casino, Binion's Horseshoe, in Las Vegas. After its first year, a
😄 journalist, Tom Thackrey, suggested that the main event of this tournament should be
no-limit Texas hold 'em. The Binions agreed 😄 and ever since no-limit Texas hold 'em has
been played as the main event.[6] Interest in the main event continued 😄 to grow steadily
over the next two decades. After receiving only eight entrants in 1972, the numbers
grew to over 😄 one hundred entrants in 1982, and over two hundred in
1991.[7][8][9]
During this time, B & G Publishing Co., Inc. published 😄 Doyle Brunson's
revolutionary poker strategy guide, Super/System.[10] Despite being self-published and
priced atR$100 in 1978, the book revolutionized the way 😄 poker was played. It was one of
the first books to discuss Texas hold 'em, and is today cited as 😄 one of the most
important books on this game.[11] In 1983, Al Alvarez published The Biggest Game in
Town, a 😄 book detailing a 1981 World Series of Poker event.[12] The first book of its
kind, it described the world of 😄 professional poker players and the World Series of
Poker. Alvarez's book is credited with beginning the genre of poker literature 😄 and with
bringing Texas hold 'em (and poker generally) to a wider audience.[13] Alvarez's book
was not the first book 😄 about poker. The Education of a Poker Player by Herbert Yardley,
a former U.S. government code breaker, was published in 😄 1957.
Interest in hold 'em
outside of Nevada began to grow in the 1980s as well. Although California had legal
card 😄 rooms offering draw poker, Texas hold 'em was deemed to be prohibited under a
statute that made illegal the (now 😄 unheard of) game "stud-horse". But in 1988 Texas
hold 'em was declared legally distinct from stud-horse in Tibbetts v. Van 😄 De Kamp,[14]
and declared to be a game of skill.[15] Almost immediately card rooms across the state
offered Texas hold 😄 'em.[16] It is often presumed that this decision ruled that hold 'em
was a game of skill,[17] but the distinction 😄 between skill and chance has never entered
into California jurisprudence regarding poker. [18]
After a trip to Las Vegas,
bookmakers Terry 😄 Rogers and Liam Flood introduced the game to European card players in
the early 1980s.[citation needed]
Popularity [ edit ]
Texas hold 😄 'em is now one of the
most popular forms of poker.[19][20] Texas hold 'em's popularity surged in the 2000s
due 😄 to exposure on television, the Internet and popular literature. During this time
hold 'em replaced seven-card stud as the most 😄 common game in U.S. casinos.[21] The
no-limit betting form is used in the widely televised main event of the World 😄 Series of
Poker (WSOP) and the World Poker Tour (WPT).
Hold 'em's simplicity and popularity have
inspired a wide variety of 😄 strategy books that provide recommendations for proper play.
Most of these books recommend a strategy that involves playing relatively few 😄 hands but
betting and raising often with the hands one plays.[22] In the first decade of the
twenty-first century, Texas 😄 hold 'em experienced a surge in popularity worldwide.[21]
Many observers attribute this growth to the synergy of five factors: the 😄 invention of
online poker, the game's appearance in film and on television, invention and usage of
the "hole card cam" 😄 (which allowed viewers to see hole cards played in the hand as a
means of determining strategy and decision-making during 😄 gameplay), the appearance of
television commercials advertising online cardrooms, and the 2003 World Series of Poker
championship victory by online 😄 qualifier Chris Moneymaker.[23]
Television and film [
edit ]
Prior to poker becoming widely televised, the movie Rounders (1998), starring
Matt Damon 😄 and Edward Norton, gave moviegoers a romantic view of the game as a way of
life despite the poker portrayed 😄 being often criticized by more serious
players.[citation needed] Texas hold 'em was the main game played during the movie and
😄 the no-limit variety was described, following Doyle Brunson, as the "Cadillac of
Poker". A clip of the classic showdown between 😄 Johnny Chan and Erik Seidel from the
1988 World Series of Poker was also incorporated into the film.[24] More recently, 😄 a
high-stakes Texas hold 'em game was central to the plot of the 2006 James Bond film
Casino Royale, in 😄 place of baccarat, the casino game central to the novel on which the
film was based. In 2008, an acclaimed 😄 short film called Shark Out of Water was released
on DVD. This film is unique in that it deals with 😄 the darker, more addictive elements
of the game, and features Phil Hellmuth and Brad Booth.
Hold 'em tournaments had been
televised 😄 since the late 1970s, but they did not become popular until 1999, when hidden
lipstick cameras were first used to 😄 show players' private hole cards on the Late Night
Poker TV show in the United Kingdom.[25] Hold 'em exploded in 😄 popularity as a spectator
sport in the United States and Canada in early 2003, when the World Poker Tour adopted
😄 the lipstick cameras idea. A few months later, ESPN's coverage of the 2003 World Series
of Poker featured the unexpected 😄 victory of Internet player Chris Moneymaker, an
amateur player who gained admission to the tournament by winning a series of 😄 online
tournaments. Moneymaker's victory initiated a sudden surge of interest in the series
(along with internet poker), based on the 😄 egalitarian idea that anyone—even a rank
novice—could become a world champion.[26]
In 2003, there were 839 entrants in the WSOP
main 😄 event,[27] and triple that number in 2004.[28] The crowning of the 2004 WSOP
champion, Greg "Fossilman" Raymer, a patent attorney 😄 from Connecticut, further fueled
the popularity of the event among amateur (and particularly Internet) players.[29] In
the 2005 main event, 😄 an unprecedented 5,619 entrants vied for a first prize
ofR$7,500,000. The winner, Joe Hachem of Australia, was a semi-professional player.[30]
😄 This growth continued in 2006, with 8,773 entrants and a first place prize
ofR$12,000,000 (won by Jamie Gold).[31]
Beyond the series, 😄 other television
shows—including the long running World Poker Tour—are credited with increasing the
popularity of Texas hold 'em.[32] In addition 😄 to its presence on network and general
audience cable television,[33] poker has now become a regular part of sports networks'
😄 programming in the United States.[34]
Literature [ edit ]
The English journalist and
biographer Anthony Holden spent a year on the professional 😄 poker circuit from 1988 to
1989 and wrote about his experiences in Big Deal: A Year as a Professional Poker
😄 Player. The follow-up book, Bigger Deal: A Year Inside the Poker Boom covers the period
2005–2006 and describes a poker 😄 world "changed beyond recognition".[35]
Twenty years
after the publication of Alvarez's groundbreaking book, James McManus published a
semi-autobiographical book, Positively Fifth 😄 Street (2003), which simultaneously
describes the trial surrounding the murder of Ted Binion and McManus's own entry into
the 2000 😄 World Series of Poker.[36] McManus, a poker amateur, finished fifth in the
no-limit Texas hold 'em main event, winning overR$200,000.[37] 😄 In the book McManus
discusses events surrounding the series, the trial of Sandy Murphy and Rick Tabish,
poker strategy, and 😄 some history of poker and the world series.
Michael Craig's 2005
book The Professor, the Banker, and the Suicide King details 😄 a series of high-stakes
Texas hold 'em one-on-one games between Texas banker Andy Beal and a rotating group of
poker 😄 professionals. As of 2006, these games were the highest stakes ever played,
reachingR$100,000–$200,000 fixed limit.[38]
Online poker [ edit ]
Poker revenues 😄 from
Party Gaming (2002–2006). The drop off in 2006 is due to the UIGEA.
The ability to play
cheaply and anonymously 😄 online has been credited as a cause of the increase in
popularity of Texas hold 'em.[26] Online poker sites both 😄 allow people to try out games
(in some cases the games are entirely free to play and are just for 😄 fun social
experiences) and also provide an avenue for entry into large tournaments (like the
World Series of Poker) via 😄 smaller tournaments known as satellites. The 2003 and 2004
winners (Chris Moneymaker and Greg Raymer, respectively) of the World Series 😄 no-limit
hold 'em main event qualified by playing in these tournaments.[39][40]
Although online
poker grew from its inception in 1998 until 😄 2003, Moneymaker's win and the appearance
of television advertisements in 2003 contributed to a tripling of industry revenues in
2004.[41][42]
Rules 😄 [ edit ]
Betting structures [ edit ]
A standard hold 'em game
showing the position of the blinds relative to the 😄 dealer button
Hold 'em is normally
played using small and big blind bets—forced bets by two players. Antes (forced
contributions by 😄 all players) may be used in addition to blinds, particularly in later
stages of tournament play. A dealer button is 😄 used to represent the player in the
dealer position; the dealer button rotates clockwise after each hand, changing the
position 😄 of the dealer and blinds. The small blind is posted by the player to the left
of the dealer and 😄 is usually equal to half of the big blind. The big blind, posted by
the player to the left of 😄 the small blind, is equal to the minimum bet. In tournament
poker, the blind/ante structure periodically increases as the tournament 😄 progresses.
After one round of betting is done, the next betting round will start by the person in
the small 😄 blind.
When only two players remain, special "head-to-head" or "heads up"
rules are enforced and the blinds are posted differently. In 😄 this case, the person with
the dealer button posts the small blind, while their opponent places the big blind. The
😄 dealer acts first before the flop. After the flop, the dealer acts last and continues
to do so for the 😄 remainder of the hand.
The three most common variations of hold 'em
are limit hold 'em, no-limit hold 'em and pot-limit 😄 hold 'em. Limit hold 'em has
historically been the most popular form of hold 'em found in casino live action 😄 games
in the United States.[21] In limit hold 'em, bets and raises during the first two
rounds of betting (pre-flop 😄 and flop) must be equal to the big blind; this amount is
called the small bet. In the next two 😄 rounds of betting (turn and river), bets and
raises must be equal to twice the big blind; this amount is 😄 called the big
bet.
No-limit hold 'em has grown in popularity and is the form most commonly found in
televised tournament 😄 poker and is the game played in the main event of the World Series
of Poker. In no-limit hold 'em, 😄 players may bet or raise any amount over the minimum
raise up to all of the chips the player has 😄 at the table (called an all-in bet). The
minimum raise is equal to the size of the previous bet or 😄 raise. If someone wishes to
re-raise, they must raise at least the amount of the previous raise. For example, if
😄 the big blind isR$2 and there is a raise ofR$6 to a total ofR$8, a re-raise must be at
leastR$6 😄 more for a total ofR$14. If a raise or re-raise is all-in and does not equal
the size of the 😄 previous raise (or half the size in some casinos), the initial raiser
cannot re-raise again (in case there are other 😄 players also still in the game). In
pot-limit hold 'em, the maximum raise is the current size of the pot 😄 (including the
amount needed to call).
Some casinos that offer hold 'em also allow the player to the
left of the 😄 big blind to post an optional live straddle, usually double the amount of
the big blind. This causes that player 😄 to act as the big blind and the player has an
option to raise when it comes to their turn 😄 again. (Some variations allow for straddle
on the button). No-limit games may also allow multiple re-straddles, in any amount that
😄 would be a legal raise.[10]
Play of the hand [ edit ]
Each player is dealt two private
cards in hold 'em, 😄 which are dealt first.
This video shows how to deal a hand for Texas
hold 'em and some of the types 😄 of hands needed in order to win.
Following a shuffle of
the cards, play begins with each player being dealt two 😄 cards face down, with the
player in the small blind receiving the first card and the player in the button 😄 seat
receiving the last card dealt. (As in most poker games, the deck is a standard 52-card
deck containing no 😄 jokers.) These cards are the players' hole or pocket cards. These
are the only cards each player will receive individually, 😄 and they will (possibly) be
revealed only at the showdown, making Texas hold 'em a closed poker game.
The hand
begins 😄 with a "pre-flop" betting round, beginning with the player to the left of the
big blind (or the player to 😄 the left of the dealer, if no blinds are used) and
continuing clockwise. A round of betting continues until every 😄 player has folded, put
in all of their chips, or matched the amount put in by all other active players. 😄 See
betting for a detailed account. Note that the blinds are considered "live" in the
pre-flop betting round, meaning that 😄 they are counted toward the amount that the blind
player must contribute. If all players call around to the player 😄 in the big blind
position, that player may either check or raise.
After the pre-flop betting round,
assuming there remain at 😄 least two players taking part in the hand, the dealer deals a
flop: three face-up community cards. The flop is 😄 followed by a second betting round.
This and all subsequent betting rounds begin with the player to the dealer's left 😄 and
continue clockwise.
After the flop betting round ends, a single community card (called
the turn or fourth street) is dealt, 😄 followed by a third betting round. A final single
community card (called the river or fifth street) is then dealt, 😄 followed by a fourth
betting round and the showdown, if necessary.
In all casinos, the dealer will burn a
card before 😄 the flop, turn, and river. Because of this burn, players who are betting
cannot see the back of the next 😄 community card to come. This is done for traditional
reasons, to avoid any possibility of a player knowing in advance 😄 the next card to be
dealt due to its being marked.[10]
The showdown [ edit ]
If a player bets and all 😄 other
players fold, then the remaining player is awarded the pot and is not required to show
their hole cards. 😄 If two or more players remain after the final betting round, a
showdown occurs. On the showdown, each player plays 😄 the best poker hand they can make
from the seven cards comprising their two hole cards and the five community 😄 cards. A
player may use both of their own two hole cards, only one, or none at all, to form
😄 their final five-card hand. If the five community cards form the player's best hand,
then the player is said to 😄 be playing the board and can only hope to split the pot,
because each other player can also use the 😄 same five cards to construct the same
hand.[10]
If the best hand is shared by more than one player, then the 😄 pot is split
equally among them, with any extra chips going to the first players after the button in
clockwise 😄 order. It is common for players to have closely valued, but not identically
ranked hands. Nevertheless, one must be careful 😄 in determining the best hand; if the
hand involves fewer than five cards, (such as two pair or three of 😄 a kind), then
kickers are used to settle ties (see the second example below). The card's numerical
rank is of 😄 sole importance; suit values are irrelevant in hold 'em.
Hand values [ edit
]
The following table shows the possible hand values 😄 in increasing order.
Name
Description Example High card Simple value of the card. Lowest: 2 – Highest: Ace (King
in the 😄 example) Pair Two cards with the same value Two pairs Two times two cards with
the same value Three of 😄 a kind Three cards with the same value Straight Sequence of 5
cards in increasing value (Ace can precede 2 😄 and follow up King), not of the same suit
Flush 5 cards of the same suit, not in sequential order 😄 Full house Combination of three
of a kind and a pair Four of a kind Four cards of the same 😄 value Straight flush
Straight of the same suit
Misdeal [ edit ]
If the first or second card dealt is
exposed, then 😄 this is considered a misdeal. The dealer then retrieves the card,
reshuffles the deck, and again cuts the cards. However, 😄 if any other hole card is
exposed due to a dealer error, the deal continues as usual. After completing the 😄 deal,
the dealer replaces the exposed card with the top card on the deck, and the exposed
card is then 😄 used as the burn card. If more than one hole card is exposed, a misdeal is
declared by the dealer 😄 and the hand is dealt again from the beginning.[43] A misdeal is
also declared if a player receives more than 😄 two hole cards by mistake (e.g. two cards
stuck together).
Examples [ edit ]
Sample showdown [ edit ]
Here is a sample
😄 showdown:
Board
Bob
Carol
Ted
Alice
Each player plays the best five-card hand they can
make with the seven cards available. Below is the list of 😄 best hands each player
has.
Bob Three of a kind: fours Carol Flush: Ace high Ted Full house: Kings full of
😄 fours Alice Straight: Four to eight
In this case, Ted wins as he has the best hand
(full house). If arranged 😄 in order of hand strength from the strongest, it would be
Ted's full house, Carol's flush, Alice's straight, and Bob's 😄 three of a kind.
Sample
hand [ edit ]
The blinds for this example hand
Here is a sample game involving four
players. 😄 The players' individual hands will not be revealed until the showdown, to give
a better sense of what happens during 😄 play:
Compulsory bets: Alice is the dealer. Bob,
to Alice's left, posts a small blind ofR$1, and Carol posts a big 😄 blind
ofR$2.
Pre-flop: Alice deals two hole cards face down to each player, beginning with
Bob and ending with herself. Ted 😄 must act first, being the first player after the big
blind. Ted cannot check, because theR$2 big blind plays as 😄 a bet, and so folds. Alice
calls theR$2. Bob adds an additionalR$1 to theR$1 small blind to call theR$2 total.
😄 Carol's blind is "live" (see blind), so there is the option to raise here, but Carol
checks instead, ending the 😄 first betting round. The pot now containsR$6,R$2 from each
of three players.
Flop: Alice now burns a card and deals the 😄 flop of three face-up
community cards, 9♣ K♣ 3♥. On this round, as on all subsequent rounds, the player on
😄 the dealer's left begins the betting. Bob checks, Carol opens forR$2, and Alice raises
anotherR$2 (puts inR$4,R$2 to match Carol 😄 andR$2 to raise), making the total bet now
facing BobR$4. Bob calls (puts inR$4,R$2 to match Carol's initial bet andR$2 😄 to match
Alice's raise). Carol calls as well, putting inR$2. The pot now containsR$18,R$6 from
the last round andR$12 from 😄 three players this round.
Turn: Alice now burns another
card and deals the turn card face up. It is the 5♠. 😄 Bob checks, Carol checks, and Alice
checks; the turn has been checked around. The pot still containsR$18.
River: Alice
burns another 😄 card and deals the final river card, the 9♦, making the final board 9♣ K♣
3♥ 5♠ 9♦. Bob betsR$4, 😄 Carol calls, and Alice folds (Alice's holding was A♣ 7♣ and was
hoping the river card would be a club 😄 to make a flush).
Showdown: Bob shows his hand of
Q♠ 9♥, so the best five-card hand possible is 9♣ 9♦ 😄 9♥ K♣ Q♠, for three nines, with a
king-queen kicker. Carol shows her cards of K♠ J♥, making a final 😄 hand K♣ K♠ 9♣ 9♦ J♥
for two pair, kings and nines, with a jack kicker. Bob wins the showdown 😄 and theR$26
pot.
Kickers and ties [ edit ]
Because of the presence of community cards in Texas hold
'em, different players' 😄 hands can often run very close in value. As a result, it is
common for kickers to be used to 😄 determine the winning hand and also for two hands (or
maybe more) to tie. A kicker is a card that 😄 is part of the five-card poker hand, but is
not used in determining a hand's rank. For instance, in the 😄 hand A-A-A-K-Q, the king
and queen are kickers.
The following situation illustrates the importance of breaking
ties with kickers and card 😄 ranks, as well as the use of the five-card rule. After the
turn, the board and players' hole cards are 😄 as follows.
Board (after the
turn)
Bob
Carol
At the moment, Bob is in the lead with a hand of Q♠ Q♣ 8♠ 8♥ 😄 K♥, making
two pair, queens and eights, with a king kicker. This beats Carol's hand of Q♥ Q♣ 8♠ 8♥
😄 10♦ by virtue of the king kicker.
Suppose the final card is the A♠, making the final
board 8♠ Q♣ 8♥ 😄 4♣ A♠. Bob and Carol still each have two pair (queens and eights), but
both of them are now entitled 😄 to play the final ace as their fifth card, making their
hands both two pair, queens and eights, with an 😄 ace kicker. Bob's king no longer plays,
because the ace on the board plays as the fifth card in both 😄 hands, and a hand is only
composed of the best five cards. They therefore tie and split the pot. However, 😄 if the
last card is a jack or lower (except an eight, which would make a full house, or a 😄 ten,
which would give Carol a higher second pair), Bob's king stays in the game and Bob
wins.
Strategy [ edit 😄 ]
Most poker authors recommend a tight-aggressive approach to
playing Texas hold 'em. This strategy involves playing relatively few hands (tight),
😄 but betting and raising often with those that one does play (aggressive).[22] Although
this strategy is often recommended, some professional 😄 players successfully employ other
strategies as well.[22]
Almost all authors agree that where a player sits in the order
of play 😄 (known as position) is an important element of Texas hold 'em strategy,
particularly in no-limit hold'em.[1] Players who act later 😄 have more information than
players who act earlier. As a result, players typically play fewer hands from early
positions than 😄 later positions.
Because of the game's level of complexity, it has
received some attention from academics. One attempt to develop a 😄 quantitative model of
a Texas hold'em tournament as an isolated complex system has had some success,[44]
although the full consequences 😄 for optimal strategies remain to be explored. In
addition, groups at the University of Alberta and Carnegie Mellon University worked 😄 to
develop poker playing programs utilizing techniques in game theory and artificial
intelligence.[45][46] In January 2024, the AAAS journal Science 😄 reported that the group
at the University of Alberta had succeeded in coding a computer program called Cepheus
that can 😄 learn from its playing experience to optimize its CFR algorithm and approach
playing perfection when opposing strong players in the 😄 variant known as heads-up limit
Texas Hold 'em, which involves only two players. Although it does not win every hand,
😄 it is unbeatable on average over a large number of hands. The program exhibits more
variation in its tactics than 😄 professional players do, for instance bluffing with weak
hands that professional players tend to fold.[47][48][49] Public web access to observe
😄 and play against Cepheus is available.[50]
Starting hands [ edit ]
A pair of aces is
statistically the best hand to be 😄 dealt in Texas Hold'em Poker.
Because only two cards
are dealt to each player, it is easy to characterize all of 😄 the starting hands. There
are (52 × 51)/2 = 1,326 distinct possible combinations of two cards from a standard
52-card 😄 deck. Because no suit is more powerful than another, many of these can be
equated for the analysis of starting-hand 😄 strategy. For example, although J♥ J♣ and J♦
J♠ are distinct combinations of cards by rank and suit, they are 😄 of equal value as
starting hands.
Because of this equivalence, there are only 169 effectively different
hole-card combinations. Thirteen of these 😄 are pairs, from deuces (twos) to aces. There
are 78 ways to have two cards of different rank (12 possible 😄 hands containing one ace,
11 possible hands containing one king but no ace, 10 possible hands containing one
queen but 😄 no ace or king, etc.). Both hole cards can be used in a flush if they are
suited, but pairs 😄 are never suited, so there would be 13 possible pairs, 78 possible
suited non-pairs, and 78 possible unsuited ("off-suit") non-pairs, 😄 for a total of 169
possible hands.[51] Suited starting hands are stronger than their unsuited
counterparts, although the magnitude of 😄 this strength advantage in different games is
debated.[52]
Because of the limited number of starting hands, most strategy guides
include a 😄 detailed discussion of each of them. This distinguishes hold 'em from other
poker games where the number of starting card 😄 combinations forces strategy guides to
group hands into broad categories. Another result of this small number is the
proliferation of 😄 colloquial names for individual hands.
Strategic differences in
betting structures [ edit ]
Texas Hold'em is commonly played both as a "cash" 😄 or "ring"
game and as a tournament game. Strategy for these different forms can vary.
Cash games
[ edit ]
Before the 😄 advent of poker tournaments, all poker games were played with real
money where players bet actual currency (or chips that 😄 represented currency). Games
that feature wagering actual money on individual hands are still very common and are
referred to as 😄 "cash games" or "ring games".
The no-limit and fixed-limit cash-game
versions of hold 'em are strategically very different. Doyle Brunson claims 😄 that "the
games are so different that there are not many players who rank with the best in both
types 😄 of hold 'em. Many no-limit players have difficulty gearing down for limit, while
limit players often lack the courage and 😄 'feel' necessary to excel at no-limit."[10]
Because the size of bets is restricted in limit games, the ability to bluff 😄 is somewhat
curtailed. Because one is not (usually) risking all of one's chips in limit poker,
players are sometimes advised 😄 to take more chances.[10]
Lower-stakes games also exhibit
different properties than higher-stakes games. Small-stakes games often involve more
players in each 😄 hand and can vary from extremely passive (little raising and betting)
to extremely aggressive (many raises). This difference of small-stakes 😄 games has
prompted several books dedicated to only those games.[53]
Tournaments [ edit ]
Texas
hold 'em is often associated with poker 😄 tournaments largely because it is played as the
main event in many of the famous tournaments, including the World Series 😄 of Poker's
Main Event, and is the most common tournament overall.[54] Traditionally, a poker
tournament is played with chips that 😄 represent a player's stake in the tournament.
Standard play allows all entrants to "buy-in" for a fixed amount and all 😄 players begin
with an equal value of chips. Play proceeds until one player has accumulated all the
chips in play 😄 or a deal is made among the remaining players to "chop" the remaining
prize pool. The money pool is redistributed 😄 to the players in relation to the place
they finished in the tournament. Only a small percentage of the players 😄 receive any
money, with the majority receiving nothing. "The percentages are not standardized, but
common rules of thumb call for 😄 one table" (usually nine players) "to get paid for each
100 entrants," according to poker author Andrew Glazer, in his 😄 book, The Complete
Idiot's Guide to Poker.[55] A good rule of thumb is that close to 10% of players will
😄 be paid in a tournament. As a result, the strategy in poker tournaments can be very
different from a cash 😄 game.
Proper strategy in tournaments can vary widely depending on
the amount of chips one has, the stage of the tournament, 😄 the amount of chips others
have, and the playing styles of one's opponents.[22] Although some authors still
recommend a tight 😄 playing style, others recommend looser play (playing more hands) in
tournaments than one would otherwise play in cash games. In 😄 tournaments the blinds and
antes increase regularly, and can become much larger near the end of the tournament.
This can 😄 force players to play hands that they would not normally play when the blinds
were small, which can warrant both 😄 more loose and more aggressive play.[56]
Evaluating
a hand [ edit ]
One of the most important things in Texas hold'em is 😄 knowing how to
evaluate a hand. The strategy of playing each hand can be very different according to
the strength 😄 of the hand. For example, on a strong hand, a player might want to try to
appear weak in order 😄 to not scare off other players with weaker hands, while on a weak
hand, a player might try to bluff 😄 other players into folding.
There are several ways to
evaluate hand strength; two of the most common are counting outs and 😄 using
calculators.
Counting outs [ edit ]
This method consists of counting the cards still in
the deck, which in combination with 😄 the cards the player already has can give the
player a potentially winning hand. Such cards are called "outs", and 😄 hand strength can
be measured by how many outs are still in the deck (if there are many outs then 😄 the
probability to get one of them is high and therefore the hand is strong). The following
chart[57] determines the 😄 probability of hitting outs (bettering the player's hand)
based on how many cards are left in the deck and the 😄 draw type.
Outs One Card % Two
Card % One Card Odds Two Card Odds Draw Type 1 2% 4% 46 😄 23 Inside Straight Flush 2 4%
8% 22 12 Pocket Pair to Set 3 7% 13% 14 7 One Overcard 😄 4 9% 17% 10 5 Inside Straight /
Two Pair to Full House 5 11% 20% 8 4 One Pair 😄 to Two Pair or Trips 6 13% 24% 6.7 3.2 No
Pair to Pair / Two Overcards 7 15% 28% 😄 5.6 2.6 Inside Straight & One Overcard 8 17% 32%
4.7 2.2 Open Straight 9 19% 35% 4.1 1.9 Flush 😄 10 22% 38% 3.6 1.6 Inside Straight & Two
Overcards 11 24% 42% 3.2 1.4 Open Straight & One Overcard 😄 12 26% 45% 2.8 1.2 Flush &
Inside Straight / Flush & One Overcard 13 28% 48% 2.5 1.1 14 😄 30% 51% 2.3 0.95 Open
Straight & Two Overcards 15 33% 54% 2.1 0.85 Flush & Two Overcards / Flush 😄 & Open Ended
Straight / Flush & Inside Straight & One Overcard 16 34% 57% 1.9 0.75 17 37% 60% 😄 1.7
0.66
Multiplying the number of outs by two or four (the Two Times Rule or Four Times
Rule) gives a 😄 reasonable approximation to the One Card % or Two Card %, respectively,
in the above table.[58] For example, an open 😄 straight draw on the flop has 8 outs so
the odds to hit the straight on the turn is 16% 😄 (8 x 2) and the odds on the river is
32% (8 x 4).
Calculators [ edit ]
Calculators are poker tools 😄 that calculate the odds
of a hand (combined with the cards on the table if there are any) to win 😄 the game.
Calculators provide precise odds but they cannot be used in live games and are
therefore mostly used on 😄 Internet poker games. The first known commercial poker
calculator was marketed by Mike Caro. Michael Shackleford, the Wizard of Odds, 😄 later
made one available to the public free of charge on his website.[59]
Similar games [
edit ]
There are several other 😄 poker variants that resemble Texas hold 'em. Hold 'em is
a member of a class of poker games known as 😄 community card games, where some cards are
available for use by all the players. There are several other games that 😄 use five
community cards in addition to some private cards and are thus like Texas hold 'em.
Royal hold 'em 😄 has the same structure as Texas hold 'em, but the deck contains only
Aces, Kings, Queens, Jacks, and Tens.[60] Pineapple 😄 and Omaha hold 'em both vary the
number of cards an individual receives before the flop (along with the rules 😄 regarding
how they may be used to form a hand), but are dealt identically afterward.[61][62] In
Double Texas Hold'em, each 😄 player receives 3 hole cards and establishes a middle common
card that plays with each of the other cards, but 😄 the outer cards don't play with each
other (each player has two 2-card hands).[63][64][65] Alternatively, in Double-board
hold'em all players 😄 receive the same number of private cards, but there are two sets of
community cards. The winner is either selected 😄 for each individual board with each
receiving half of the pot, or the best overall hand takes the entire pot, 😄 depending on
the rules agreed upon by the players.[66]
Another variant is known as Greek hold 'em
which requires each player 😄 to use both hole cards and only 3 from the board instead of
the best five of seven cards.[67][self-published source?][68]
Manila 😄 is a hold'em
variant that was once popular in Australia. In Manila, players receive two private
cards from a reduced 😄 deck (containing no cards lower than 7). A five-card board is
dealt, unlike Texas hold 'em, one card at a 😄 time; there is a betting round after each
card. Manila has several variations of its own, similar to the variants 😄 listed
above.[69]
Six-plus hold 'em (also known as Short-deck hold 'em) is a community card
poker game variant of Texas hold 😄 'em, where cards 2 through 5 are removed. Each player
is dealt two cards face down and seeks to make 😄 his or her best five-card poker hand
using from any combination of the seven cards (five community cards and their 😄 own two
hole cards).[70]
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